COLLATERAL ISSUES IN TIMES OF COVID-19: CHILD ABUSE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND FEMICIDE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21117/rbol-v7n22020-318Palabras clave:
femicide, COVID-19, intimate partner violence, child abuse, victimisation, bidirectional violenceResumen
Worldwide there is evidence of the increase of violence against women (gender-based) and children (gender and age-based) during the global pandemic of COVID-19. This literature review offers an overview of data on domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV) as it currently stands in some countries during the pandemic, describing deep psychosocial issues that illustrate the intergenerational transmission of violent actions, uncovering how these acts are unconsciously reproduced within families as a lack of conscious differentiation between them and the cultural, socio-economic norms that surround them takes place, as if normalising the brutality of gender inequality [violence as a representation of masculinity], minimising the effects of witnessing to violence, and/or practising violence as a form of discipline. Furthermore, it also includes recommendations that aim to mitigate risks and consequences of violence, and emphasises the urgency that must be in place to guarantee public access to health care services adapted to our new reality / COVID-19. In conclusion, we accentuate that the pandemic might accelerate public measures on decision making that target vulnerable women and children and make them regular in case they are judged efficient in face of an ever-growing phenomenon, that is the unfortunate banalisation of violent acts and narratives.Citas
References
Tang, K. et al. Sexual and reproductive health (SRH): a key issue in the emergency response to the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) outbreak. Reproductive Health 17, 59, doi:10.1186/s12978-020-0900-9 (2020).
Vieira, P. R., Garcia, L. P. & Maciel, E. L. N. Isolamento social e o aumento da violência doméstica: o que isso nos revela? Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 23 (2020).
Campbell, A. M. An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports 2, 100089, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089 (2020).
Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A. & Kress, H. Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics 137, e20154079, doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4079 (2016).
CIA. The World Factbook (20200. (Washington, DC, 2020).
Laurent C, P. M., Idomir M ed. . Femicide: A Global Issue that Demands Action. . (Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS), Vienna Liaison Office, 2013).
Lugones, M. Heterosexualism and the Colonial / Modern Gender System. Hypatia 22, 186-209 (2007).
Russell, D. E. Femicide: Politicizing the killing of females. Strengthening Understanding of Femicide. 27 (2008).
Driver, A. L. Cultural production and ephemeral art: Feminicide and the Geography of Memory in Ciudad Juárez,1998-2008. (2011).
van Gelder, N. et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine 21, 100348, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348 (2020).
Karystianis, G. et al. Automated Analysis of Domestic Violence Police Reports to Explore Abuse Types and Victim Injuries: Text Mining Study. J Med Internet Res 21, e13067, doi:10.2196/13067 (2019).
Green, P. Risks to children and young people during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ 369, m1669, doi:10.1136/bmj.m1669 (2020).
Klevens, J. & Ports, K. A. Gender Inequity Associated with Increased Child Physical Abuse and Neglect: a Cross-Country Analysis of Population-Based Surveys and Country-Level Statistics. Journal of family violence 32, 799-806, doi:10.1007/s10896-017-9925-4 (2017).
Lansford, J. E. et al. Corporal punishment, maternal warmth, and child adjustment: a longitudinal study in eight countries. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 43, 670-685, doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.893518 (2014).
Lansford, J. E. & Deater-Deckard, K. Childrearing discipline and violence in developing countries. Child development 83, 62-75, doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01676.x (2012).
Edinburgh, L., Saewyc, E. & Levitt, C. Gender Differences In Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Experiences Among Young Teens. The Journal of School Nursing 22, 278-284, doi:10.1177/10598405060220050601 (2006).
Thompson, M. P., Kingree, J. B. & Desai, S. Gender differences in long-term health consequences of physical abuse of children: data from a nationally representative survey. American journal of public health 94, 599-604, doi:10.2105/ajph.94.4.599 (2004).
Stöckl, H., Dekel, B., Morris-Gehring, A., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. . Child homicide perpetrators worldwide: a systematic review. BMJ Paediatr Open 1 (2017).
Rees, A., Agnew-Davies, R., & Barkham, M. . in Society for Psychotherapy Research Annual Conference (Edinburgh, Scotland., 2006, June).
Wong, C. A., Ming, D., Maslow, G. & Gifford, E. J. Mitigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Response on At-Risk Children. Pediatrics, e20200973, doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0973 (2020).
WHO. COVID-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do, <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699> (2020).
WHO. Clinical management of rape and intimate partner violence survivors: developing protocols for use in humanitarian settings., <https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rape-survivors-humanitarian-settings/en/ > (2020).
Mânica, S. & Gorza, L. Forensic odontology in the 21st century - Identifying the opinions of those behind the teaching. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 64, 7-13, doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2019.03.006 (2019).
Meng, L., Hua, F. & Bian, Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. Journal of dental research 99, 481-487, doi:10.1177/0022034520914246 (2020).
Ruiz-Pérez, I. & Pastor-Moreno, G. [Measures to contain gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Gac Sanit, doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.005 (2020).
Dreams, C. UN Chief Warns Coronavirus Lockdowns Bringing About 'Horrifying Global Surge in Domestic Violence', <https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/04/06/un-chief-warns-coronavirus-lockdowns-bringing-about-horrifying-global-surge-domestic> (2020).
Azevedo, M. S. et al. Child maltreatment: a survey of dentists in southern Brazil. Brazilian oral research 26, 5-11 (2011).
Diehl, A. et al. Violence and substance use in sexual minorities: Data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS). Archives of psychiatric nursing 34, 41-48, doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.11.003 (2020).
Marques, E. S., Moraes, C. L. d., Hasselmann, M. H., Deslandes, S. F. & Reichenheim, M. E. A violência contra mulheres, crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia pela COVID-19: panorama, motivações e formas de enfrentamento. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 36 (2020).
Pasian, M. S., Benitez, P. & Lacharité, C. Child neglect and poverty: A Brazilian study. Children and Youth Services Review 108, 104655, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104655 (2020).
da Silva, T., Melo, J. & de Assunção, S. VIOLÊNCIA INFANTIL: atuação do psicólogo no processo de auxílio à criança. Psicologia e Saúde em debate 4, 61-84, doi:10.22289/2446-922X.V4N1A4 (2018).
de Lima, C. A., Alves, P. M., de Oliveira, C. J., de Oliveira, T. R., Barbosa, K. B., Marcene, H. C., & de Oliveira, S. V. . Letter to the Editor: COVID-19: Isolations, Quarantines and Domestic Violence in Rural Areas. SciMedicine Journal 2, 44–45 (2020).
Noticias, T. Violencia de género: desde el comienzo de la cuarentena hubo 23 femicidios y aumentaron un 39% las llamadas al 144, <https://tn.com.ar/sociedad/violencia-de-genero-desde-el-comienzo-de-la-cuarentena-hubo-23-femicidios-y-aumentaron-un-39-las_1062854> (2020).
Doek, J., Krappmann, L. & Lee, Y. The role of the Committee on the Rights of the Child in monitoring child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl, 104517, doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104517 (2020).
Houser, H. Resisting Feminicide in Mexico through Policy, Performance, and Research.
Infobae. News, <https://www.infobae.com/tag/2020/> (2020).
Ndedi, A. A. Framework in Ending Violence Against women and Girls with the Advent of the COVID 19 from an African Perspective. (April 14, 2020).
UNICEF. COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measures: newly released technical guidance aims to help authorities strengthen protection measures for children during pandemic, <https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/covid-19-children-heightened-risk-abuse-neglect-exploitation-and-violence-amidst> (2020).
Census, F. Reports, <https://femicidescensus.org/> (2018).
BBCnews. Coronavirus: Child abuse calls to NSPCC up 20% since lockdown, 2020).
Gilmore, A. K. & Flanagan, J. C. Acute mental health symptoms among individuals receiving a sexual assault medical forensic exam: the role of previous intimate partner violence victimization. Archives of women's mental health 23, 81-89, doi:10.1007/s00737-019-0947-1 (2020).
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S. & Mercy, J. A. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect 36, 156-165, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.006 (2012).
Bronfrenbrenner, U. The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. (Harvard University Press, 1979).
Bronfenbrenner, U. in International Encyclopedia of Education Ch. 37–43, (Elsevier, 1994).
Ulloa, E. C. & Hammett, J. F. The Effect of Gender and Perpetrator-Victim Role on Mental Health Outcomes and Risk Behaviors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of interpersonal violence 31, 1184-1207, doi:10.1177/0886260514564163 (2016).
Renner, L. M. & Slack, K. S. Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: understanding intra- and intergenerational connections. Child Abuse Negl 30, 599-617, doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.12.005 (2006).
Dworkin, E. R., Menon, S. V., Bystrynski, J. & Allen, N. E. Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review 56, 65-81, doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002 (2017).
Goodson, A. & Hayes, B. E. Help-Seeking Behaviors of Intimate Partner Violence Victims: A Cross-National Analysis in Developing Nations. Journal of interpersonal violence, 0886260518794508, doi:10.1177/0886260518794508 (2018).
Finn, H., Warner, E., Price, M. & Spinazzola, J. The Boy Who Was Hit in the Face: Somatic Regulation and Processing of Preverbal Complex Trauma. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 11, 277-288, doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0165-9 (2018).
Mathews, B. Mandatory Reporting Laws and Identification of Child Abuse and Neglect: Consideration of Differential Maltreatment Types, and a Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse Reports. Social Sciences 3, 460-482 (2014).
Kaur, R. & Garg, S. Addressing domestic violence against women: an unfinished agenda. Indian J Community Med 33, 73-76, doi:10.4103/0970-0218.40871 (2008).
Russell, D., Higgins, D. & Posso, A. Preventing child sexual abuse: A systematic review of interventions and their efficacy in developing countries. Child abuse & neglect 102, 104395, doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104395 (2020).
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Os autores deverão encaminhar por email, devidamente assinada pelos autores ou pelo autor responsável pelo trabalho, a declaração de responsabilidade e transferência de direitos autorais para a RBOL, conforme modelo abaixo.
DECLARAÇÃO DE RESPONSABILIDADE E TRANSFERÊNCIA DE DIREITOS AUTORAIS
Eu (Nós), listar os nomes completos dos autores, transfiro(rimos) todos os direitos autorais do artigo intitulado: colocar o título à Revista Brasileira de Odontologia Legal - RBOL.
Declaro(amos) que o trabalho mencionado é original, não é resultante de plágio, que não foi publicado e não está sendo considerado para publicação em outra revista, quer seja no formato impresso ou no eletrônico.
Declaro(amos) que o presente trabalho não apresenta conflitos de interesse pessoais, empresariais ou governamentais que poderiam comprometer a obtenção e divulgação dos resultados bem como a discussão e conclusão do estudo.
Declaro(amos) que o presente trabalho foi totalmente custeado por seus autores. Em caso de financiamento, identificar qual a empresa, governo ou agência financiadora.
Local, data, mês e ano.
Nome e assinatura do autor responsável (ou de todos os autores).
